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14100 Parkway Commons Dr, Suite 100 · Oklahoma City, OK 73134
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Lumbar & Cervical Stenosis

Spinal Stenosis Canal & Foraminal Narrowing

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the openings through which nerves exit the spine. It is a common cause of leg pain and walking difficulty in adults over 50, and is highly amenable to surgical treatment when conservative care is insufficient.

Related conditions:
Back PainSciaticaScoliosisDisc Herniation All Conditions →
Overview

Understanding Spinal Stenosis

Stenosis develops gradually as disc degeneration, bone spurs, thickened ligaments, and facet joint enlargement progressively narrow the spinal canal. The result is compression of the spinal cord (in the cervical spine) or cauda equina (in the lumbar spine), producing a characteristic pattern of symptoms.

Lumbar stenosis classically causes neurogenic claudication — leg pain, heaviness, or weakness that worsens with walking and is relieved by sitting or leaning forward. Cervical stenosis can produce myelopathy, with gait instability, hand clumsiness, and in severe cases, risk of spinal cord injury.

Common Symptoms
  • Leg pain, cramping, or heaviness with walking (lumbar)
  • Symptoms relieved by sitting or bending forward
  • Bilateral leg numbness or weakness
  • Neck pain with arm weakness or numbness (cervical)
  • Difficulty walking or unsteady gait
  • Bowel or bladder changes in severe cases
Common Causes
  • Age-related disc degeneration and bone spur formation
  • Thickening of the ligamentum flavum
  • Facet joint hypertrophy
  • Spondylolisthesis causing canal compromise
  • Congenitally narrow spinal canal
  • Prior spinal surgery (adjacent segment disease)
Treatment

Treatment Pathway

Most spine conditions respond well to a stepped approach — starting with the least invasive options and progressing only when needed. Our surgeons evaluate each patient individually to determine the most appropriate path.

1
Physical therapy & activity modification
Flexion-based exercise, aquatic therapy, and posture training can relieve symptoms by reducing pressure on the narrowed canal.
2
Medications & injections
NSAIDs and epidural steroid injections can provide meaningful but often temporary relief, useful for confirming diagnosis and delaying surgery.
3
Surgical decompression
Minimally invasive laminectomy or laminotomy removes the bone and thickened ligament compressing the neural elements, often with immediate improvement in walking tolerance.
4
Fusion (when indicated)
When instability or spondylolisthesis is present alongside stenosis, decompression combined with fusion provides more durable relief.
Surgical Considerations

When Surgery May Help

Lumbar decompression for stenosis is one of the most commonly performed and successful spine operations. Clinical evidence demonstrates significant improvement in pain and walking ability in appropriately selected patients. For cervical stenosis with myelopathy, decompression is recommended before significant neurological decline occurs, as the natural history is often one of stepwise deterioration.

General medical consensus supports surgical intervention only after conservative measures have been adequately trialed, except in cases of significant neurological compromise or progressive deficit, where earlier intervention may be warranted.

The information on this page is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified physician regarding your specific condition. Surgery is not appropriate for every patient, and our physicians evaluate each case individually.

Not Sure If Surgery Is Right for You?

Our surgeons take a conservative approach — surgery is recommended only when it is clearly the best option. Schedule a consultation and we will walk through your imaging, history, and all available treatments together.

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Related Conditions

Other Conditions We Treat

Patient Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

What is spinal stenosis?
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramina that compresses the spinal cord or nerve roots. It most commonly develops in the lumbar spine due to age-related degenerative changes including bone spurs, thickened ligaments, and disc degeneration. Cervical stenosis affecting the neck is also common.
What are the symptoms of spinal stenosis?
Lumbar spinal stenosis typically causes leg pain, cramping, and weakness that worsens with walking or standing and improves with sitting or bending forward — a pattern called neurogenic claudication. Cervical stenosis may cause arm weakness, hand clumsiness, and in severe cases, spinal cord compression (myelopathy).
Is spinal stenosis treatable without surgery?
Mild to moderate spinal stenosis is often managed with physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and epidural steroid injections. When these measures fail to provide adequate relief, or when neurological deficits are present, surgical decompression is effective and typically provides durable improvement.
What surgery treats spinal stenosis?
Lumbar spinal stenosis is treated with a laminectomy or laminotomy — procedures that remove the bone and tissue causing canal narrowing to decompress the spinal nerves. Spinal fusion may be added when instability is present. For cervical stenosis with myelopathy, anterior or posterior decompression is performed.
Can spinal stenosis get worse over time?
Spinal stenosis is a degenerative condition that can progress gradually. Not all patients experience worsening, but the condition rarely improves on its own. If symptoms are progressive or neurological deficits are developing, early surgical evaluation is warranted to prevent permanent nerve damage.
(405) 748-3300  ·   Fax: (405) 749-1671  ·  Monday – Friday 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Clinical References
AANS — Spinal StenosisNASS — Spinal Stenosis

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Our fellowship-trained spine specialists will evaluate your condition and discuss every available option — surgical and non-surgical.

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